Brown University Physics Video Collection
The Mechanical Universe
This is a set of 26 videodiscs or videotapes divided into 52 "programs" whose titles are listed below.
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1. Introduction
3. Derivatives
4. Inertia
5. Vectors
7. Integration
11. Gravity, Electricity, Magnetism
14. Potential Energy
16. Harmonic Motion
17. Resonance
18. Waves
19. Angular Momentum
27. Beyond the Mechanical Universe
34. Magnetism
36. Vector Fields and Hydrodynamics
40. Optics
41. The Michelson-Morley Experiment
42. The Lorentz Transformation
46. Engine of Nature
47. Entropy
48. Low Temperatures
49. The Atom
52. The Quantum Mechanical Universe
LD-38: Part I Program 1 - Introduction to the Mechanical Universe
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Caltech as physics center
Chapter 3. Scope of cosmology
Chapter 4. The science of mechanics
Chapter 5. Physics of ordinary matter
Chapter 6. Earth from space
Chapter 7. Sunrise
Chapter 8. Greeks exhaustingly calculate pi (animation sequence15 s)
Chapter 9. Aristotle's and Ptolemy's astronomy
Chapter 10. Renaissance garden
Chapter 11. Copernican solar system (33 s)
Chapter 12. Introduction to Galileo's work
Chapter 13. Inertia. Animation sequence showing ball dropping from Tower of Pisa (12 s)
Chapter 14. Galileo at the Inquisition
Chapter 15. Free fall on the moon: hammer and feather dropped on the moon, short version of the longer version in Program 2
Chapter 16. Galileo's discoveries
Chapter 17. Galileo's trials
Chapter 18. Kepler's trials
Chapter 19. Kepler's three laws. Animation models of the three laws (17 s)
Chapter 20. Kepler's cosmological model
Chapter 21. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 22. Newton at his desk
Chapter 23. Modern solar system model. A good stopping point is frame 20920 (16 s)
Chapter 24. David and Goliath animation
Chapter 25. Jules Verne movie footage
Chapter 26. Gyroscopes and angular momentum
Chapter 27. Angular momentum
Chapter 28. Clocks
Chapter 29. Harmonic motion and circular motion. Mass on a spring used to show harmonic motion (33 s)
Chapter 30. Newton at his desk
Chapter 31. Introduction to Leibniz
Chapter 32. Newton's discoveries
Chapter 33. Newton and Leibnizcontroversy over the Calculus
Chapter 34. Caltech Kellogg particle accelerator
Chapter 35. Millikan's oil drop apparatus
Chapter 36. Star field
Chapter 37. Cavendish's apparatus
Chapter 38. Chalky's Academy: Game of pool as physics at work
Chapter 39. Descartes' discoveries
Chapter 40. Continent of Physics
Chapter 41. Conservation of Energy
Chapter 42. Rescue of the Good Ship Irish Coffee
Chapter 43. Shattering effects of resonance: Memorex ad with Ella Fitzgerald (22 s)
Chapter 44. Apollo astronauts
Chapter 45. Earth and moon
Chapter 46. Observatory
Chapter 47. Rules of physics
Chapter 48. Discovering our place in the universe
LD-38: Part I Program 2 - The Law of Falling Bodies
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Bonaventure Hotel
Chapter 3. Introduction to falling bodies
Chapter 4. Dropping a figurine, a diver, a leaf
Chapter 5. Shuttle landing
Chapter 6. Child dropping a figurine, a falling leaf
Chapter 7. Falling bodies in air and in vacuum. Video of penny and feather falling in a tube, first with air in the glass tube and then with the tube evacuated (56 s)
Chapter 8. Slow motion of a penny and feather falling (22 s)
Chapter 9. Astronaut dropping objects on moon. Hammer and feather dropped in unison on moon; grainy picture (37 s)
Chapter 10. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 11. Compound body thought experiment
Chapter 12. Penny and feather falling in vacuum (11 s)
Chapter 13. A falling leaf and diver; falling objects
Chapter 14. Galileo
Chapter 15. DaVinci and manuscripts
Chapter 16. DaVinci's interpretation of falling bodies (24 s)
Chapter 17. Galileo's interpretation of falling bodies (27 s)
Chapter 18. Galileo in his study
Chapter 19. Galileo's inclined plane experiment. Animation of ball rolling down an inclined plane (8 s)
Chapter 20. Galileo in his study
Chapter 21. Free-fall amusement ride
Chapter 22. Free-fall ride and Galileo's experiment. Shows that the distance dropped, starting from rest, is proportional to the square of the time (78 s)
Chapter 23. Distance fallen as function of time. Notation used: s(t) = ct2. (72 s)
Chapter 24. Average speed as a function of time (100 s)
Chapter 25. Amusement park rides
Chapter 26. The derivative (130 s)
Chapter 27. Derivatives at an amusement park
Chapter 28. Speed as a derivative
Chapter 29. Examples of everyday derivatives
Chapter 30. Distance and speed as functions of time
Chapter 31. Speed and acceleration. Graphics display of how s(t), v(t) and a(t) are related (93 s)
Chapter 32. A penny and a feather in free fall
Chapter 33. Instantaneous speed in free fall
Chapter 34. Acceleration in free fall
Chapter 35. Formulas of uniformly accelerated motion (19 s)
Chapter 36. Uniformly accelerated motion (32 s)
Chapter 37. Galileo
Chapter 38. Nicole Oresme
Chapter 39. Galileo's notebook
Chapter 40. Newton at his desk
Chapter 41. Leibniz at a social gathering
Chapter 42. Acceleration due to gravity
Chapter 43. Penny and feather as falling bodies
Chapter 44. Einstein
Chapter 45. Acceleration, speed and distance
Chapter 46. The discoverers of calculus
Chapter 47. Summary of falling bodies
LD-39: Part I Program 3 - Derivatives
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Math and the physical world
Chapter 3. Math in nature and music
Chapter 4. Galileo and mathematics
Chapter 5. Biker on rural road
Chapter 6. Physical examples of derivatives
Chapter 7. Definition of slope
Chapter 8. Biker on rural road
Chapter 9. Fermat's development of tangent
Chapter 10. Descartes' development of tangent
Chapter 11. Newton and Leibniz, discoverers of calculus
Chapter 12. Newton and Leibniz, discoverers of calculus
Chapter 13. Biker and changing slope
Chapter 14. Slope at a point. Visually shows how the tangent at a point is the slope (74 s)
Chapter 15. Free fall at an amusement park
Chapter 16. Instantaneous speed
Chapter 17. Slope as a derivative (99 s)
Chapter 18. Acme derivative machine
Chapter 19. The derivative as a function (16 s)
Chapter 20. Derivatives of linear functions (19 s)
Chapter 21. Derivatives of sinusoidal functions (32 s)
Chapter 22. Another derivative machine
Chapter 23. House construction
Chapter 24. Sum rule of differentiation (15 s)
Chapter 25. House construction
Chapter 26. Product rule of differentiation (16 s)
Chapter 27. Derivatives of powers (92 s)
Chapter 28. Van on rural road
Chapter 29. Chain rule of differentiation (14 s)
Chapter 30. Summary of rules
Chapter 31. Rocket motion and derivatives. Graphs of s(t), v(t) and a(t) to show relation of derivatives (62 s)
Chapter 32. Melody of mathematics
Chapter 33. Uses of derivative machine
Chapter 34. Mathematics as a tool of physics
LD-39: Part I Program 4 - Inertia
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Introduction to inertia
Chapter 3. Galileo in his study
Chapter 4. Galileo's inclined plane
Chapter 5. Galileo's telescope
Chapter 6. People and ships in Venice
Chapter 7. Galileo's telescope
Chapter 8. Venice
Chapter 9. Galileo's telescopes in museum
Chapter 10. Galileo's drawings of celestial objects
Chapter 11. Apollo lunar flyover
Chapter 12. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 13. Aristotle and Ptolemy
Chapter 14. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 15. Renaissance era book burning
Chapter 16. Ptolemaic universe
Chapter 17. Copernican universe
Chapter 18. Renaissance artwork
Chapter 19. Objects flying off the spinning earth
Chapter 20. Aristotle's world view
Chapter 21. Objects flying off the spinning earth
Chapter 22. Falling leaf; waves on the beach
Chapter 23. Ptolemaic universe
Chapter 24. Swinging pendulum and balls on inclines
Chapter 25. Galileo's law of inertia and inclined planes. Inclined planes are used to show law of inertia (55 s)
Chapter 26. Galileo and Renaissance garden
Chapter 27. Rene Descartes
Chapter 28. Principle of inertia. Animation sequence shows law of inertia (58 s)
Chapter 29. People in a boat - relative motion (39 s)
Chapter 30. Jupiter
Chapter 31. Cart being pulled by a horse
Chapter 32. Van on road
Chapter 33. Ball falling from tower. Animation of ball dropped from Tower of Pisa to show inertia (54 s)
Chapter 34. Ships
Chapter 35. Ball falling from ship's mast (30 s)
Chapter 36. Ball dropped from mast of moving ship (31 s)
Chapter 37. Boys throwing ball in Renaissance garden
Chapter 38. Ball falling from tower (18 s)
Chapter 39. Renaissance stills
Chapter 40. Galileo meeting with Pope
Chapter 41. Galileo's book and the Inquisition
Chapter 42. Galileo at the Inquisition
Chapter 43. Galileo under house arrest in Florence
Chapter 44. Summary with Dr. Goodstein
LD-40:Part I Program 5: Vectors
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Alternate descriptions of location
Chapter 3. Alameda Coast Guard Center
Chapter 4. Vector definition and convention (44 s)
Chapter 5. Vector operations (26 s)
Chapter 6. Coast Guard Center
Chapter 7. Yacht at sea
Chapter 8. Coast Guard action
Chapter 9. Rectangular coordinate system (69 s)
Chapter 10. Street scene
Chapter 11. Link between algebra and geometry
Chapter 12. Invention of complex numbers (39 s)
Chapter 13. Triangulation using vectors
Chapter 14. Yacht at sea
Chapter 15. Displacement and velocity vectors. Properties of vectors and relation between displacement and velocity vectors when trying to determine the position of a ship (63 s)
Chapter 16. Coast Guard action
Chapter 17. Foundations of vectors
Chapter 18. Greek foundations of vectors
Chapter 19. Newton's Principia
Chapter 20. Hamilton's quaternions
Chapter 21. Early applications of vectors
Chapter 22. Yacht at sea
Chapter 23. Vector dot product (48 s)
Chapter 24. Yacht at sea
Chapter 25. Vector cross product (44 s)
Chapter 26. Yacht at sea
Chapter 27. Unit vectors (17 s)
Chapter 28. Vector operations using components (85 s)
Chapter 29. Yacht at sea
Chapter 30. Vector operations: an example (27 s)
Chapter 31. Coast Guard action
Chapter 32. Vector navigation (102 s)
Chapter 33. Rescue at sea
Chapter 34. Vector expressions of laws of physics (discussion by Professor Goodstein)
LD-40:Part I Program 6: Newton's Laws
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Introduction to
Chapter 3. Track and field events
Chapter 4. Force and acceleration vectors (57 s)
Chapter 5. Divers
Chapter 6. Newton's second law
Chapter 7. Objects falling in a vacuum. The penny and feather falling in a vacuum are used to show Newton's second law of motion (23 s)
Chapter 8. Track and field events
Chapter 9. Ball dropped: cannon shot from cliff
Chapter 10. Track and field events
Chapter 11. Newton at his desk
Chapter 12. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 13. Newton's laws and accelerating objects. Graphics demonstration of inertia and forces on moving objects (35 s)
Chapter 14. Force and momentum changes in track events
Chapter 15. Force and rate of change of momentum (33 s)
Chapter 16. Newton walking in courtyard
Chapter 17. Football game
Chapter 18. Trajectories in track events and baseball
Chapter 19. Apollo liftoff
Chapter 20. David and Goliath demonstration of force
Chapter 21. Track and field events
Chapter 22. Fields in England; Newton at his desk
Chapter 23. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 24. Ball falling from tower
Chapter 25. Boys throwing ball in renaissance garden
Chapter 26. Components of force and velocity. The various components associated with a projectile are examined (61 s)
Chapter 27. Newton at his desk
Chapter 28. Greek philosophers
Chapter 29. Track and field events
Chapter 30. Renaissance book burning
Chapter 31. Impetus theory
Chapter 32. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 33. Kepler, Huygens, and Descartes
Chapter 34. Kepler at his desk
Chapter 35. English garden: Cambridge University
Chapter 36. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 37. Galileo in his study
Chapter 38. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 39. Baseball and shotput as projectiles
Chapter 40. Component of velocityaccelerated motion (36 s)
Chapter 41. Trajectory of a cannonball. Projectile motion is shown to fall just as if dropped from rest (49 s)
Chapter 42. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 43. Newton at his desk
Chapter 44. Another David and Goliath story
Chapter 45. Equations of motion; monkey and hunter (26 s)
Chapter 46 (Frame 40944) Meaning of Newton's second law.
Frame 42375 for beginning of demonstration of dart hitting stuffed monkey (total time is 60 seconds)
Frame 43882 for beginning of the flight of the dart, which can be shown in slow motion using the SLOW bar on the player or by manually pressing the STEP bar at whatever rate you want. Press the STILL bar at any time to stop the motion completely.
Frame 44200 Discussion of the meaning of Newton's second law
LD-41: Part I Program 7 - Integration
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Newton's invention of calculus
Chapter 3. Newton in study
Chapter 4. Leibniz at a social gathering
Chapter 5. Newton in study
Chapter 6. Pre-Newtonian mathematics
Chapter 7. Greek calculation of area
Chapter 8. Greek mathematicians
Chapter 9. Area by method of exhaustion
Chapter 10. Archimedes' mathematical discoveries
Chapter 11. Archimedes' quadrature of a parabolic segment (62 s)
Chapter 12. Archimedes
Chapter 13. Kepler on the road
Chapter 14. Kepler's area and volume calculations
Chapter 15. Fermat's and Descartes' contributions to analytic geometry
Chapter 16. Algebra and geometry (26 s)
Chapter 17. Fermat's contribution to the derivative
Chapter 18. Newton's life
Chapter 19. Leibniz in study
Chapter 20. Newton in study
Chapter 21. Leibniz in conversation
Chapter 22. Newton's life
Chapter 23. Leibniz in study
Chapter 24. Newton in study
Chapter 25. Leibniz in study
Chapter 26. Area as a limit of a sum (47 s)
Chapter 27. Leibniz in study
Chapter 28. Newton in study
Chapter 29. Area of a parabolic segment using calculus (122 s)
Chapter 30. Archimedes and quadrature
Chapter 31. Connection between differentiation and integration
Chapter 32. First fundamental theorem of calculus (34 s)
Chapter 33. Second fundamental theorem of calculus (56 s)
Chapter 34. Mechanics of moving bodies (54 s)
Chapter 35. Newton in study
Chapter 36. Leibniz' and Newton's texts
Chapter 37. Newton in study
Chapter 38. Leibniz in study
Chapter 39. Newton in study
Chapter 40. Leibniz in study
Chapter 41. Newton in study
Chapter 42. Leibniz in study
Chapter 43. Integration fundamentals
Chapter 44. Leibniz at social gathering
Chapter 45. Newton in study
Chapter 46. Newton's human shortcomings
LD-41: Part I Program 8 - The Apple and the Moon
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Newton's law of universal gravitation
Chapter 3. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 4. Apollo crew liftoff
Chapter 5. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 6. The plague years in England
Chapter 7. Courtyard in Cambridge
Chapter 8. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 9. Copernicus
Chapter 10. Stills of Rome and Prussia
Chapter 11. Copernicus
Chapter 12. Copernican system of the universe
Chapter 13. Epicycles and deferents
Chapter 14. The solar system
Chapter 15. Renaissance sculpture
Chapter 16. Renaissance painting
Chapter 17. Galileo in his study
Chapter 18. Objects falling in vacuum
Chapter 19. Ball rolling down Galileo's inclined plane
Chapter 20. Galileo in his study
Chapter 21. Kepler at the chalkboard
Chapter 22. Kepler's three laws (54 s)
Chapter 23. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 24. Newton at his desk
Chapter 25. Apollo launch
Chapter 26. Gravitational force (34 s)
Chapter 27. Astronauts in space and on moon
Chapter 28. Gravitational force of attraction. Animation describing why gravitational force of attraction vector is pointed straight downward from the center of mass (29 s)
Chapter 29. Force and acceleration due to gravity (90 s)
Chapter 30. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 31. Newton at his desk
Chapter 32. Freefall amusement park ride
Chapter 33. Astronauts on the lunar surface
Chapter 34. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 35. Cannon firing projectiles. Explanation of how orbit is achieved (78 s)
Chapter 36. Astronauts under weightless conditions
Chapter 37. Newton at his desk
Chapter 38. Acceleration of the moon around the earth (45 s)
Chapter 39. A Greek mathematician
Chapter 40. Newton in his study
Chapter 41. The moon "falling" around the earth (48 s)
Chapter 42. Pythagorean theorem and the 1/20 inch the moon falls towards the earth in one second (34 s)
Chapter 43. Newton in his study
Chapter 44. Apollo launch
Chapter 45. Astronauts under weightless conditions
Chapter 46. Newton at his desk
Chapter 47. Newton's accomplishments
LD-42: Part I Program 9 - Moving in Circles
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Ancient Applications of circular motion
Chapter 3. Sunrise
Chapter 4. Ancient applications of circles
Chapter 5. Stonehenge
Chapter 6. Circles in ancient architecture
Chapter 7. Circles in modern architecture
Chapter 8. Definition of a circle
Chapter 9. Moon
Chapter 10. Bust of Plato
Chapter 11. Uniform circular motion. Diagram of circular motion with q = w t (50 s)
Chapter 12. Plato's universe
Chapter 13. Medieval European life
Chapter 14. Circular and harmonic motions
Chapter 15. Components of circular motion. Diagrams showing circular motion components along x and y axes (48 s)
Chapter 16. Pre-Copernican notions of planetary motion
Chapter 17. Compound circular motion
Chapter 18. Deferents and epicycles. Nice diagrams of how the motion can be complicated, or a circle offset, or an ellipse (54 s)
Chapter 19. Appolonius' and Ptolemy's astronomy
Chapter 20. Copernican universe (54 s)
Chapter 21. Lunar motion. Diagrams of uniform circular motion, centripetal force, centripetal acceleration, and how that leads velocity to change in direction while remaining constant in magnitude (79 s)
Chapter 22. Amusement park rides
Chapter 23. Velocity and acceleration in circular motion. Diagrams of how the radius vector, velocity vector, and acceleration vector are changing in step, all of them constant in magnitude while changing in direction. Uses symbols r, v, and a. (68 s)
Chapter 24. Newton's Principia
Chapter 25. Velocity and acceleration - circular motion, Diagram of how position, velocity, and acceleration vectors change together, on a single circle. Derivation of the relationship a = v2/r. (67 s)
Chapter 26. Centripetal acceleration. Newton's law of gravitation as a formula. Shows that v2 = Gm/r for uniform circular motion (67 s)
Chapter 27. Personal side of Newton
Chapter 28. Uses of force
LD-42: Part I Program 10 - Fundamental Forces
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Newton's second law; fundamental forces
Chapter 3. Caltech campus
Chapter 4. Accelerator at Caltech
Chapter 5. Scientists of fundamental forces
Chapter 6. Strong and weak nuclear forces. Graphic demonstration of strong and weak nuclear forces (27 s)
Chapter 7. Atomic explosion, solar prominences and galaxies
Chapter 8. Caltech accelerator
Chapter 9. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 10. Earth-moon gravitational force
Chapter 11. Newton talking on a bridge
Chapter 12. Still of Cavendish and his book
Chapter 13. Cavendish gravitational force apparatus
Chapter 14. Cavendish experiment to measure. Description of gravitational force apparatus and technique used to measure gravitational constant by equating law of gravitation with = (97 s)
Chapter 15. Lightning
Chapter 16. Toaster
Chapter 17. Lightning
Chapter 18. Stills of Franklin and book
Chapter 19. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 20. The atomic model and electric force. The electric force equation: Fe=keq1q2/r2 and its effect atomically (58 s)
Chapter 21. Solar system and gravitational forces
Chapter 22. Gravitational and electric forces. The gravitational and electric force equations are compared for similarity in form (73 s)
Chapter 23. Albert Einstein
Chapter 24. Nuclear particles
Chapter 25. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 26. Solar system
Chapter 27. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 28. Salt crystal
Chapter 29. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 30. Ball oscillating on end of spring
Chapter 31. Commercial kitchen
Chapter 32. Balls falling through viscous liquids (33 s)
Chapter 33. Particle accelerator at Caltech
Chapter 34. Ion traveling through an accelerator. Animation of how an accelerator works from the perspective of a charged particle (94 s)
Chapter 35. Particle accelerator at Caltech
Chapter 36. Fusion of carbon and helium
Chapter 37. Computer output of an accelerator
Chapter 38. Newton's laws and the questions they raise
LD-43: Part I Program 11 - Gravity, Electricity, Magnetism
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Fundamental constants of nature
Chapter 3. A physics "Hall of Fame"
Chapter 4. Star field
Chapter 5. Galaxy
Chapter 6. Earth from space
Chapter 7. Ocean waves
Chapter 8. Sunrise
Chapter 9. Roemer measurement of c
Chapter 10. Fizeau measurement of c
Chapter 11. Foucault measurement of c
Chapter 12. Michelson measurement of c
Chapter 13. Mount Wilson observatory
Chapter 14. Michelson and the speed of light. Experimental results given as well as accepted value of speed of light (32 s)
Chapter 15. Fundamental constants
Chapter 16. Cavendish's measurement of G
Chapter 17. Apparatus for measuring G
Chapter 18. Cavendish's notebook
Chapter 19. Millikan's notebook
Chapter 20. Faraday's laboratory
Chapter 21. First electric motor
Chapter 22. Galaxy field
Chapter 23. Whimshurst machine
Chapter 24. Magnetism
Chapter 25. Gravitational attraction
Chapter 26. Electrical attraction and repulsion (21 s)
Chapter 27. Magnetic attraction and repulsion (43 s)
Chapter 28. Theater of physics
Chapter 29. Connection between electricity and magnetism. The original Oersted experiment is performed to show that a magnetic field is affected by an electric field (290 s)
Chapter 30. Outside Copenhagen lecture hall
Chapter 31. Significance of Oersted's discovery
Chapter 32. Cavendish's measurement of G
Chapter 33. Measurement of electric force constant (58 s)
Chapter 34. Measurement of magnetic force constant (75 s)
Chapter 35. Importance of fundamental constants
Chapter 36. Whimshurst machine
Chapter 37. Relation of electric and magnetic forces. The ratio Ke/Km = c2 is shown to be valid (37 s)
Chapter 38. Maxwell's electromagnetism
Chapter 39. Pure vs. applied research
LD-43: Part I Program 12 - The Millikan Experiment
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Cathode ray tube and discovery of electron
Chapter 3. Millikan apparatus
Chapter 4. Biography of Millikan
Chapter 5. History of 20th-century European scientists
Chapter 6. Thompson's original cloud chamber apparatus. Thompson's apparatus is diagramed and animated to show the method used for determining the original estimate of the charge of the electron (86 s)
Chapter 7. Millikan's cloud chamber apparatus
Chapter 8. Water droplets in Millikan's apparatus
Chapter 9. Water droplets
Chapter 10. Millikan's oil droplet apparatus
Chapter 11. Algebra of Millikan's oil drop experiment. The oil drop apparatus is diagramed and animated to show the method used for determining the value of the charge of an electron (32 s)
Chapter 12. Sphere falling in a viscous medium
Chapter 13. Forces on Millikan's oil drop. A graphical analysis of the forces acting on the oil drop and the algebraic equations that were manipulated to give Millikan the information he needed (123 s)
Chapter 14. Millikan's apparatus
Chapter 15. Finding the charge of an electron
Chapter 16. Millikan's oil drop experiment
Chapter 17. Millikan's distinguished career
Chapter 18. Millikan as a scientist
Chapter 19. Millikan and the scientific method
Chapter 20. Millikan's oil drop experiment
LD-44: Part I Program 13 - Conservation of Energy
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Conservation laws of physics: energy, momentum, angular momentum.
Chapter 3. Various nature scenes to help identify what energy is
Chapter 4. Solar flare- First example
Chapter 5. Nuclear bomb explosion- Second example
Chapter 6. Tornado- Third example
Chapter 7. Conservation of energy
Chapter 8. Track meet, aerobics, weight room
Chapter 9. Definition of work: in weightlifting (68 s)
Chapter 10. Definition of potential energy: (128 s)
Chapter 11. Galileo in study
Chapter 12. Galileo's inclined planes. Ball goes down inclined plane and then goes back up a a different inclined plane to the same height. Balls travel from same height but from different inclines and arrive at bottom with identical speeds (59 s)
Chapter 13. Girl on a swing
Chapter 14. Work-energy relation: W = change in kinetic energy 1/2 mv2
Chapter 15. Track meet. Long jump, hurdlers and pole vaulter
Chapter 16. Roller coaster, pendulum clock. (40 s)
Chapter 17. Inclined planes and energy(see Chapter 12)
Chapter 18. Track meet, pole vault. Kinetic energy to elastic potential energy to gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy to ??? (something else) as the vaulter comes to a stop on the pad (127 s)
Chapter 19. Apollo lunar mission. A world without friction. Dropping feather
and hammer on moon, where friction is very low
Chapter 20. Re-discoveries of America
Chapter 21. The continent of physics. Cartoon characters: Galileo, Franklin, Maxwell, Einstein, Joule. Focus on Joule.
Chapter 22. Equivalence of heat and energy.
Chapter 23. Joule's apparatus.
Frames 33167 to 34700 for explanation of Joule and his apparatus and experiment. Short description which might be useful (51 s)
Chapter 24. Aerobics, weight lifting
Chapter 25. Conversion of kinetic energy to heat. Uses model of vibrating atoms in a solid (76 s)
Chapter 26. Solar flare, earth from space. Energy from sun comes to earth and provides energy for tides, life, etc.
Chapter 27. Various nature scenes
Chapter 28. Weight lifting
Chapter 29. Toys losing kinetic energy
Chapter 30. Weight lifting
Chapter 31. Conservation of energy. Goodstein: "Energy is conserved, but
we render it useless." Eventual fate: heat - random motion.
LD-44: Part I Program 14 - Potential Energy
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Goodstein's comments on equilibrium. Boscovich's idea of stable and unstable positions at which a force is 0. Graph of F(r) vs. r for two atoms.
Chapter 3. Stability. Marble rolling at bottom of a bowl.
Chapter 4. Ions in a salt crystal.
Chapter 5. A house on fire
Chapter 6. Gym workouts
Chapter 7. Apollo lunar lift-off
Chapter 8. Fire fighters working on a house fire
Chapter 9. Vehicle in motion, chemical potential energy in its fuel tank
Chapter 10. Skydivers and energy conversions
Chapter 11. Fire fighters
Chapter 12. Balls rolling down inclines
Chapter 13. Atomic crystalline structure
Chapter 14. Fire fighters fighting fires
Chapter 15. Astronaut on moon
Chapter 16. Old movie of lunar voyage. Jules Verne story. Spaceship sent off by being shot from a cannon
Chapter 17. Rocket lift-off
Chapter 18. Work required to reach escape velocity. Derivation of escape speed of 11 km/s from earth's surface (79 s)
Chapter 19. Fire fighter's rescue. Amount of food energy (6.4 food calories) needed for 90 kg fire fighter to walk up a ladder to window 30 meters high (209 s)
Chapter 20. Energy conversions in sporting events. Pole vaulter: food energy into kinetic energy into elastic potential energy in pole into gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy of falling vaulter into heat (108 s)
Chapter 21. Fire fighters and window washers in equilibrium
Chapter 22. Force and potential energy vs. position. Graph of U(r) vs. r., with F(r) = - dU/dr. (76 s)
Chapter 23. Potential energy of pair of hydrogen atoms (35 s)
Chapter 24. Potential energy of fire fighters on ladder
Chapter 25. Gym workout
Chapter 26. Machines of torture
Chapter 27. Showing the instruments of physics torture. Goodstein comments.
LD-45: Part I Program 15 - Conservation of Momentum
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Descartes' mechanical universe
Chapter 3. Pool hall physics: pocket billiards are based on classical physics
Chapter 4. Europe in the time of Descartes
Chapter 5. Execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600
Chapter 6. Galileo in study
Chapter 7. Descartes
Chapter 8. Pool hall action
Chapter 9. Newton in conversation
Chapter 10. Newton's laws and momentum at track meet: p = mv; (66 s)
Chapter 11. Pool hall action
Chapter 12. Newton's second law and momentum
Chapter 13. Momentum-conserving collisions. Video of billiard balls colliding, with momentum vectors drawn on screen before, during, and after collision. Collision occurs frames 18382 to 18386, when force vectors appear on the screen very briefly. Repeated with discussion of change in momentum related to forces. Ends about19543
(52 s).
Brief model of vibrating atoms in a crystal structure begins on19631 (15 s)
Chapter 14. Pool hall action
Chapter 15. Motion of center of mass. Billiard ball in slow motion with center of mass marked (33 s)
Chapter 16. Pool hall action
Chapter 17. Earth-moon motions about center of mass. Animation showing forces, momenta and position of center of mass (shown outside the earth, though). Shows how the total linear momentum remains fixed as the individual momenta change (67 s)
Chapter 18. Three-body interaction. Animation of three-body problem showing how total linear momentum remains fixed while each body’s individual momentum changes (31 s)
Chapter 19. Good ship Newton - a cartoon.
Chapter 20. Pool hall action
Chapter 21. Energy conservation in collisions. Animation of a bouncing object that shows the transfer of energy between potential and kinetic, and a bouncing ball acted on by gravity that transfers energy between potential, kinetic and heat (37 s)
Chapter 22. Pool hall action. K = p2/2m is derived (70 s)
Chapter 23. Elastic collision of two equal masses. Conservation of momentum and energy. The consequence of conservation of momentum is related to right angle results (72 s)
Chapter 24. Pool hall action
Chapter 25. Head on collisionequal masses. Brief animation showing first ball stopping completely (27 s)
Chapter 26. Pool hall action
Chapter 27. Descartes' vision
Chapter 28. Tree as a metaphor for knowledge
Chapter 29. Pool hall action
Chapter 30. Collisions in experimental physics
Chapter 31. Caltech's Kellogg Radiation Lab
Chapter 32. Particle accelerator operation. Animation of carbon atom going through an accelerator, colliding with a molecule, and losing some of its electrons (120 s)
Chapter 33. Importance of collisions in physics
LD-45: Part I Program 16 - Harmonic Motion
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Galileo's observation of swinging pendulum
Chapter 3. Mass on spring in simple harmonic motion
Chapter 4. The physics of music
Chapter 5. Forces on an oscillating massreal
Chapter 6. Forces on an oscillating mass - animation. Explanation of F = - kx 28 s).
Chapter 7. Clocks and harmonic motion
Chapter 8. Nature scenes
Chapter 9. Ancient calendars for determining time
Chapter 10. Egyptian water clock
Chapter 11. Chinese water clock
Chapter 12. European semi-mechanical clocks
Chapter 13. European mechanical clocks
Chapter 14. Nature scenes
Chapter 15. Earth from space
Chapter 16. Track and field eventhurdles
Chapter 17. Penguins
Chapter 18. Industry at work
Chapter 19. Fashions
Chapter 20. A clock face
Chapter 21. Newton's laws and simple harmonic motion. d2x/dt2 = - kx/m is derived starting from F = ma (27 s).
Chapter 22. Mass on a spring in simple harmonic motion
Chapter 23. Various mechanisms as harmonic oscillators
Chapter 24. Differential equation of simple harmonic motion (26 s)
Chapter 25. Mass on a spring in simple harmonic motion
Chapter 26. Shadow of a particlesimple harmonic motion
Chapter 27. Mathematics of circular motion
Chapter 28. Mathematics of simple harmonic motion. x = A sin w t is shown to be a solution of the differential equation of simple harmonic motion, where w 2 = k/m (56 s).
Chapter 29. Mass on a spring in simple harmonic motion
Chapter 30. Clock face; definition of a radian (12 s)
Chapter 31. Spiral galaxy
Chapter 32. Circular and simple harmonic motions. The behavioral similarities between circular and simple harmonic motion are shown through an animation sequence (17 s)
Chapter 33. Ball rolling back and forth in a bowl
Chapter 34. Ball rolling in bowl; energy relations. The energy relation for a harmonic oscillator: remains valid even though energy switches back and forth between potential and kinetic. This is shown with animation of a ball rolling in a bowl, as well as derived from potential and kinetic energy equations (72 s)
Chapter 35. Ball rolling in bowl
Chapter 36. Clocks and other oscillators
Chapter 37. Galileo in his study.
Chapter 38. Newton in his study
Chapter 39. Clocks
Chapter 40. Boating in English countryside
Chapter 41. Navigation and timekeeping
Chapter 42. Nature scenes
Chapter 43. Clock faces
Chapter 44. Music and harmonic motion
Chapter 45. Producing simple harmonic motion
LD-46: Part I Program 17 - Resonance
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. The physics of shattering a wine glass
Chapter 3. Opening of the Tacoma Narrows bridge
Chapter 4. Tacoma Narrows bridge construction
Chapter 5. Tacoma Narrows bridge resonance
Chapter 6. Sunrise and sunset
Chapter 7. Resonating musical instruments
Chapter 8. Resonance of piano strings
Chapter 9. Microscopic model of tuning fork and air (31 s)
Chapter 10. Resonance of piano strings
Chapter 11. Equation of motion for mass on a string
Chapter 12. Girl on a swing
Chapter 13. Oscillator response to periodic force. The complex motion when F = - kx + F0 sin w t is described (108 s).
Chapter 14. Voice shattering a wine glass
Chapter 15. Resonant response of an oscillator. The oscillator motion is graphed as approaches resonant frequency (96 s)
Chapter 16. Voice shattering a wine glass
Chapter 17. Viscosity of glass - European and American
Chapter 18. Rattling windows
Chapter 19. Caltech Seismic lab
Chapter 20. Engineering models of buildings. Models of buildings are vibrated to simulate conditions in an earthquake, and the resonant frequency of the buildings can be seen (54 s)
Chapter 21. Earthquake damage
Chapter 22. Telephone wires as aeolian harps
Chapter 23. Vortex shedding from wire
Chapter 24. Telephone wires as aeolian harps
Chapter 25. Opening of the Tacoma Narrows bridge
Chapter 26. Destruction of the Tacoma Narrows bridge
Chapter 27. Discovery of the Von Karman vortex
Chapter 28. Wind tunnel test of bridge
Chapter 29. Destruction of the Tacoma Narrows bridge
Chapter 30. Goodstein's shattering performance
LD-46: Part I Program 18 - Waves
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Newton's measurement of the speed of sound
Chapter 3. Water waves
Chapter 4. Human shock wave
Chapter 5. Hydrogen bomb blast
Chapter 6. Human shock wave
Chapter 7. The Big Bang
Chapter 8. Weather scenes
Chapter 9. Earth and Moon
Chapter 10. Coupled harmonic oscillators (88 s)
Chapter 11. Single and linked oscillators (40 s)
Chapter 12. Wave machine
Chapter 13. Water waves
Chapter 14. Crystals as oscillators
Chapter 15. Waves passing through a crystal
Chapter 16. Coupled oscillators and waves
Chapter 17. Music as mechanical oscillations
Chapter 18. Traveling waves
Chapter 19. Musical instruments
Chapter 20. Wavelength, frequency and speed of sound. Definitions of period T, wavelength l , and frequency f, and the speed of propagation v of a wave, together with the relation l f = v (147 s).
Chapter 21. Musical instruments
Chapter 22. Water waves
Chapter 23. Mechanical wave machine
Chapter 24. Wave speed for coupled oscillations. Masses connected by spring:
v » a (k/m)1/2 is shown, where a is the distance between the oscillators (25 s)
Chapter 25. Water waves. The speed of water waves in deep water is defined as (28 s)
Chapter 26. Wavelength and speed of water waves
Chapter 27. Waves on masses connected by springs
Chapter 28. Water waves
Chapter 29. Water waves. Speed of water waves in shallow water is described as
v » (gh)1/2 (28 s)
Chapter 30. Breakers striking the beach
Chapter 31. Water waves
Chapter 32. Sound waves from a piano and a tuning fork
Chapter 33. Tuning fork and air molecules
Chapter 34. Tuning fork and piano
Chapter 35. Velocity of sound in air
Chapter 36. Water waves
Chapter 37. Molten lava
Chapter 38. Water waves
Chapter 39. Reason triumphs over magic and the occult
LD-47: Part I Program 19 - Angular Momentum
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Johannes Kepler's life and times
Chapter 3. Spinning galaxy
Chapter 4. Bathtub action
Chapter 5. Historical roots of astronomy
Chapter 6. Aristotle's universe
Chapter 7. Circular motion in Aristotle's universe
Chapter 8. Copernican revolution
Chapter 9. Kepler's studies and travels
Chapter 10. Introduction to Kepler's laws (56 s)
Chapter 11. Bathtub vortex
Chapter 12. Earth and clouds from space
Chapter 13. Limits of Kepler's discoveries
Chapter 14. Kepler's second law (30 s)
Chapter 15. Vector proof of Kepler's second law (50 s)
Chapter 16. Bathtub physics
Chapter 17. Spinning ice skater
Chapter 18. Pool ball with momentum
Chapter 19. Physical meaning of torque (26 s)
Chapter 20. Examples of torque
Chapter 21. Derivation of angular momentum conservation. Angular momentum
L = r x v is defined, and it is shown that dL/dt = r x F. (80 s).
Chapter 22. Example of momentum conservation
Chapter 23. Angular momentum definition and application. Angular momentum conservation is shown to explain Kepler's equal area-equal time law (58 s)
Chapter 24. Spinning ice skater
Chapter 25. Bathtub physics
Chapter 26. Tornado
Chapter 27. Firestorms
Chapter 28. Red spot of Jupiter
Chapter 29. Rings of Saturn
Chapter 30. Structure of solar system and galaxies
Chapter 31. Galactic evolution
Chapter 32. Tycho Brahe's theories and observations
LD-47: Part I Program 20 - Torques and Gyroscopes
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Torque and angular momentum conservation
Chapter 3. History of transportation
Chapter 4. Torque and angular momentum vectors (44 s)
Chapter 5. Torques exerted in the real world
Chapter 6. Torque and angular momentum in precession. Precession is shown to be a consequence of dL/dt = t = R x F (40 s)
Chapter 7. Precession of a spinning bicycle wheel
Chapter 8. Velocities in wheel rotation (78 s)
Chapter 9. A precessing bicycle wheel
Chapter 10. A spinning top
Chapter 11. Torque and angular momentum vectors (37 s)
Chapter 12. Heat and energy conservation
Chapter 13. Gyroscopes, tops and energy conservation
Chapter 14. A non-precessing gyroscope
Chapter 15. A toy gyroscope
Chapter 16. Gyroscopes for navigation
Chapter 17. Torques and circular motion. For a precessing wheel L is shown to exhibit uniform circular motion, and the relation W = t /L is described (50 s)
Chapter 18. A precessing bicycle wheel
Chapter 19. Rate of gyroscopic precession. For a precessing bicycle wheel, the relation W = R g/w r2 is derived (66 s)
Chapter 20. Gyroscopic guidance systems
Chapter 21. Child spinning a globe
Chapter 22. Earth as a gyroscope; the equinoxes
Chapter 23. Observations of the equinoxes
Chapter 24. The drifting of the equinoxes
Chapter 25. Ancient beliefs regarding the pole star
Chapter 26. Earth and Polaris
Chapter 27. Copernicus and precession of the equinoxes
Chapter 28. Earth as a gyroscope; precession of equinox
Chapter 29. Earth as a gyroscope
Chapter 30. Bicycle wheel gyroscope
Chapter 31. Boy on a bicycle
Chapter 32. Newton's discovery of key to the universe
LD-48: Part I Program 21 - Kepler's Three Laws
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Kepler's use of Brahe data
Chapter 3. Construction of an ellipse
Chapter 4. Properties of an ellipse (60 s)
Chapter 5. Kepler's early life
Chapter 6. Introduction to Tycho Brahe
Chapter 7. Mars surface panorama (Viking)
Chapter 8. Ptolemy's and Brahe's model of the solar system
Chapter 9. Copernican solar system
Chapter 10. Modern solar system model
Chapter 11. Kepler in thought
Chapter 12. Determination of the earth's orbit
Chapter 13. Kepler in study
Chapter 14. Determination of orbit of Mars
Chapter 15. Ellipses in everyday scenes: any circle viewed obliquely
Chapter 16. Conic sectionsqualitative: circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas
Chapter 17. Greek understanding of conics
Chapter 18. Algebraic definition of conic sections. Eccentricity e: 0 for circle, between 0 and 1 for ellipse, 1 for parabola, greater than for hyperbola. The equation
r = ed/(1+ e cos q ) is shown to describe all conic sections (109 s).
Chapter 19. Conic sections - qualitative
Chapter 20. Ten-meter telescope
Chapter 21. Parabolic trajectories
Chapter 22. Solar prominences
Chapter 23. Elliptical orbit of Mars
Chapter 24. Kepler's model of the solar system
Chapter 25. Kepler's three laws (66 s)
Chapter 26. Scenes from the Thirty Years War
Chapter 27. Astrology charts
Chapter 28. Kepler's travels
Chapter 29. Kepler's model of the solar system. Goodstein speaking about Kepler's geometric model of the solar system, a solidly Copernican model that was wrong, but very fruitful in leading him to discover his three laws of planetary motion.
LD-48: Part I Program 22 - The Kepler Problem
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Newton's solution to the Kepler problem
Chapter 3. Newton's laws and Kepler's orbits (56 s)
Chapter 4. Newton at his desk
Chapter 5. Michelangelo's ceiling in Sistine Chapel
Chapter 6. Shakespeare's creative genius
Chapter 7. Beethoven
Chapter 8. Kepler's orbits
Chapter 9. Newton in apple orchard and at his desk
Chapter 10. Torque, angular momentum and Kepler's laws (109 s)
Chapter 11. Kepler's travels
Chapter 12. Shakespeare
Chapter 13. Newton at his desk
Chapter 14. Conic sections and angular momentum. Conservation of angular momentum in an elliptical orbit. (72 s)
Chapter 15. Sun centered universe
Chapter 16. Biography of Kepler's life
Chapter 17. Newton at his desk
Chapter 18. Newton's laws and the conic sections. Newton's second law of motion and the law of gravitation are manipulated with the conservation of angular momentum.(180 s)
Chapter 19. Conic sections
Chapter 20. Halley and Newton
Chapter 21. The Sistine Chapel; Kepler's work
Chapter 22. Kepler, Galileo & Brahe
LD-49: Part I Program 23 - Energy and Eccentricity
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Conic sections and planetary motion
Chapter 3. Modern telescope
Chapter 4. Kepler and Galileo at work
Chapter 5. Pool hall action
Chapter 6. Galileo in study
Chapter 7. Galileo's inclined plane
Chapter 8. Galileo's inclined planereplay
Chapter 9. Tycho Brahe's observations
Chapter 10. Kepler's use of Brahe's data
Chapter 11. Kepler's three laws (29 s)
Chapter 12. Newton's explanation of Kepler's laws
Chapter 13. Algebraic equation for orbital motion. r = (L2/DM)/(1 + e cos q ) is shown to yield different conic sections (40 s)
Chapter 14. Conic sections - qualitative
Chapter 15. Energy plots for planetary motion. K and U change, but their sum is constant (75 s)
Chapter 16. Ptolemy's quest for orbits
Chapter 17. Brahe's observatory and apparatus
Chapter 18. Galileo and his telescope
Chapter 19. Radio telescope
Chapter 20. Discovery of Pluto
Chapter 21. Modern solar system model
Chapter 22. Energy plots for planetary motion. U = - (D2M/L2)(1 + e cos q ) and
K = (1/2) (D2M/L2)(! + e cos q ) so E = K + U = - (1/2) (D2M/L2)(! + e cos q )
Chapter 23. Energy and eccentricity
Chapter 24. Kepler in study
Chapter 25. Brahe and Kepler dining
Chapter 26. Energy, eccentricity and conics. Relationship between energy of an object and the eccentricity of its path for different conic sections (125 s)
Chapter 27. Rings of Saturn
Chapter 28. Ten-meter telescope
Chapter 29. Reflecting telescope - polishing the large objective lens
Chapter 30. Mount Palomar Observatory
Chapter 31. Newton's important predecessors
Chapter 32. Power of knowledge
LD-49: Part I Program 24 - Navigating in Space
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Practical applications, celestial mechanics
Chapter 3. Rocket lift-off
Chapter 4. Mariner, Viking, and Voyager spacecrafts
Chapter 5. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Chapter 6. Planetary motion
Chapter 7. Rocket lift-off
Chapter 8. Earth and moon
Chapter 9. Spacecraft attaining orbit around Mars
Chapter 10. Earth from space
Chapter 11. Hohman transfer orbits
Chapter 12. Hohman transfer orbits
Chapter 13. Launching a spacecraft
Chapter 14. Launch opportunities. Shows why a spacecraft is launched when Mars is at a 44° alignment with orbit of Earth (25 s)
Chapter 15. Launch opportunities
Chapter 16. Launch opportunitiesVenus, Jupiter and Mars
Chapter 17. Launch window
Chapter 18. Launch windows to Venus and Mars
Chapter 19. View from an alien planet
Chapter 20. Mars surface photos
Chapter 21. Viking lander on Mars
Chapter 22. Planetary orbits and Voyager trajectory
Chapter 23. Voyager lift-off
Chapter 24. Gravity to aid spacecraft
Chapter 25. Gravity assist
Chapter 26. Gravity assist
Chapter 27. Voyager mission
Chapter 28. Voyager's gravity assist
Chapter 29. Baseball; energy analogy in space
Chapter 30. Velocity of Voyager relative to Jupiter
Chapter 31. Velocity of Voyager relative to Sun
Chapter 32. Voyager spacecraft passing Saturn
Chapter 33. Saturn's rings
Chapter 34. Saturn's rings
Chapter 35. Satellites near Saturn's F ring
Chapter 36. Voyager passing Saturn
Chapter 37. Saturn's F ring and shepherding moons
Chapter 38. Telescope
Chapter 39. Rings around Uranus
Chapter 40. Shepherding moons
Chapter 41. Saturn's F ring and shepherding moons
Chapter 42. Kepler at the chalkboard
Chapter 43. Newton walking in Cambridge
Chapter 44. Rocket lift-off
Chapter 45. Voyager traveling through rings of Saturn
Chapter 46. Goodstein's theory on the rings of Saturn
LD-50: Part I Program 25 - Kepler to Einstein
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Galileo's theory of the tides
Chapter 3. Galileo and Lewis Carroll
Chapter 4. Ocean waves
Chapter 5. Galileo at the Inquisition
Chapter 6. Ocean waves
Chapter 7. Earth-moon system; tides. Diagram of earth-moon system, rotating about center of mass inside the earth. Bulging of ocean water; 2 high and 2 low tides daily (90 s)
Chapter 8. Setting sun. Sun's effect on tides about 1/2 that of moon (17 s)
Chapter 9. Earth and moon
Chapter 10. Galileo in study
Chapter 11. Kepler's "Harmony of the Worlds" containing his three laws.
Chapter 12. Newton in study
Chapter 13. Kepler's three laws
Chapter 14. Derivation of Kepler's third law: T2=4p 2a3/GM0 for elliptical orbits (166 s)
Chapter 15. Ocean waves
Chapter 16. Modern solar system model
Chapter 17. Newton in study
Chapter 18. Introduction to Einstein
Chapter 19. Free fall in vacuum
Chapter 20. Derivation of law of falling bodies (26 s)
Chapter 21. Inertial mass. Diagram using F = ma (22 s)
Chapter 22. Gravitational mass. Diagram using F = - Gm1 m2/r2 (17 s)
Chapter 23. Newton takes a snack
Chapter 24. Einstein socializing
Chapter 25. Principle of equivalence. Diagrams of objects falling in laboratory on earth and in an accelerating rocket in space (54 s)
Chapter 26. Einstein photographs
Chapter 27. Principle of equivalence
Chapter 28. Einstein photographs
Chapter 29. Bending of light
Chapter 30. Einstein's letter predicting bending light
Chapter 31. Hale, Eddington, and Einstein
Chapter 32. Star field
Chapter 33. Inertial mass in rocket firing
Chapter 34. Geodesics. Shortest distances between points on a surface is shown to be a great circle, or geodesic (28 s)
Chapter 35. Einstein's letter predicting bending light
Chapter 36. Modern solar system model
Chapter 37. Curved space-time (23 s)
Chapter 38. Einstein photographs
Chapter 39. Star field
Chapter 40. Newton in study
Chapter 41. Stellar explosion (32 s)
Chapter 42. Black hole dynamics (34 s)
Chapter 43. The universe as a black hole
LD-50: Part I Program 26 - Harmony of the Spheres
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Kepler's "Music of the Spheres"
Chapter 3. Harmonies of planetary motion
Chapter 4. "Harmony of the Universe"
Chapter 5. Sunrise
Chapter 6. Pythagorean theorem
Chapter 7. Law of falling bodies
Chapter 8. Pythagorean harmonies
Chapter 9. Criticism of Pythagorean harmonies
Chapter 10. Support for the Copernican view
Chapter 11. Kepler's musical contributions
Chapter 12. Harmonic motion insights
Chapter 13. Resonance
Chapter 14. Shattering effects of resonance
Chapter 15. Crystals
Chapter 16. Atomic structure of NaCl
Chapter 17. Potential energy between atoms (13 s)
Chapter 18. Leibniz' and Newton's interactions
Chapter 19. Newton's second law of motion (28 s)
Chapter 20. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 21. Applications of Newton's second law
Chapter 22. Applications of Newton's second law
Chapter 23. Newton's second lawprojectiles
Chapter 24. Terrestrial and celestial physics
Chapter 25. Conic sections and planetary motion
Chapter 26. Examples of Newton's second law
Chapter 27. Newton's laws as differential equations
Chapter 28. Trajectory of a cannonball
Chapter 29. Orbiting cannonball
Chapter 30. Newton in apple orchard
Chapter 31. Copernican universe
Chapter 32. Gravity-free earth
Chapter 33. Galileo at the Inquisition
Chapter 34. Greeks exhaustingly calculate
Chapter 35. Area of a parabolic segment
Chapter 36. Amusement park falling bodies
Chapter 37. Derivative as a limit
Chapter 38. Newton-Leibniz interactions
Chapter 39. Rocket launch
Chapter 40. Constant of integration
Chapter 41. Derivation of momentum conservation
Chapter 42. Conservation of angular momentum
Chapter 43. Constant angular momentum
Chapter 44. Work, potential and kinetic energies (81 s)
Chapter 45. Kinetic energy and heat
Chapter 46. Heat, kinetic, and potential energy
Chapter 47. Energy and planetary orbits
Chapter 48. Kepler's song of heavenly motion
Chapter 49. Concluding remarks
Program 26 is an overview of the first 25 programs. For more detailed analysis of the ideas presented in this program, see the corresponding entry on the previous discs.
LD-51: Part II Program 27 - Beyond the Mechanical Universe
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Einstein's use of mathematics
Chapter 3. Einstein and Levi-Civita
Chapter 4. Relationship of math and physics
Chapter 5. Portrait of Ben Franklin
Chapter 6. Faraday's contributions to science
Chapter 7. Newton in orchard
Chapter 8. Action at a distance
Chapter 9. Electric lines of force (30 s)
Chapter 10. Magnetic lines of flux (6 s)
Chapter 11. Electric dipole field lines
Chapter 12. Faraday at Royal Institution
Chapter 13. Maxwell in study
Chapter 14. Maxwell's four equations are given in integral form. These equations are shown with diagrams of the field lines for each case, providing examples of the physical process corresponding to each equation (15 s).
Chapter 15. Ben Franklin taking a walk
Chapter 16. Leyden jars
Chapter 17. Franklin's discovery of charge
Chapter 18. Las Vegas night scene
Chapter 19. Electric response of frog legs
Chapter 20. Portrait of Volta
Chapter 21. Invention of the electric battery
Chapter 22. Energy sources in the 19th century
Chapter 23. Invention of the electric motor
Chapter 24. Electromagnetic induction (21 s)
Chapter 25. Portrait of Tesla
Chapter 26. Introducing Thomas Edison
Chapter 27. Edison's inventions and ideas
Chapter 28. Michelson-Morley experiment
Chapter 29. Michelson-Morley null result
Chapter 30. Implications of special relativity
Chapter 31. Relativity of simultaneity. An animation sequence to show principles of relativity (40 s)
Chapter 32. Time dilation; length contraction (19 s)
Chapter 33. Twin paradox
Chapter 34. Ion in particle accelerator
Chapter 35. Bohr hydrogen atom
Chapter 36. Einstein's and Levi Civita's letters
LD-51: Part II Program 28 - Static Electricity
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Introduction to static electricity
Chapter 3. Magic act
Chapter 4. Ancient Greeks
Chapter 5. Static electricity demonstration
Chapter 6. Wimshurst generator
Chapter 7. Franklin and electric charge
Chapter 8. Coulomb and his charge experiment. Coulomb's law: Fe = Keq1q2/r2 (43 s)
Chapter 9. Electric charge and Coulomb's law. The relationship between charge of same and opposite sign is explored (58 s)
Chapter 10. Leyden jar
Chapter 11. Earth from space
Chapter 12. Franklin in his study
Chapter 13. Magic act
Chapter 14. Atomic structure (48 s)
Chapter 15. Magic act
Chapter 16. Salt crystal
Chapter 17. Waves on the beach
Chapter 18. Magic act - turning copper into gold
Chapter 19. Smelting furnace
Chapter 20. Conductivity (23 s)
Chapter 21. Atoms in a metal
Chapter 22. Charging by induction (44 s)
Chapter 23. A gold leaf electroscope
Chapter 24. Electroscope charged by induction (21 s)
Chapter 25. Electroscope charged by conduction (19 s)
Chapter 26. Electroscope charged by conduction
Chapter 27. Magic act
Chapter 28. Grounding a conductor
Chapter 29. Magic act
Chapter 30. Static electricity machines
Chapter 31. Van de Graff generator
Chapter 32. Tandem Van de Graff accelerator
Chapter 33. Particle accelerator animation
Chapter 34. Accelerator's computer display
Chapter 35. Franklin walking in the rain
Chapter 36. Lightning
Chapter 37. Induction in magic act
Chapter 38. Charging by induction (27 s)
Chapter 39. Induction in magic act
Chapter 40. Wimshurst generator
Chapter 41. Leyden jar
Chapter 42. Principles of storing electricity in Leyden jar
Chapter 43. Leyden jar
Chapter 44. Magic act
Chapter 45. Electricity demonstrations
Chapter 46. Van Marem's electrostatic machine
Chapter 47. Volta's discovery
LD-52: Part II Program 29 - The Electric Field
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Faraday's life and accomplishments
Chapter 3. Faraday in lab
Chapter 4. Measurement of electric force
Chapter 5. Law of universal gravitation and inverse square laws (185 s)
Chapter 6. Flux and inverse square law
The relationship Intensity µ 1/r2 is shown to be valid (55 s)
Chapter 7. Faraday's mentor
Chapter 8. Faraday's early accomplishments
Chapter 9. Oersted's influence on Faraday
Chapter 10. First electric motor
Chapter 11. Electric field examples (104 s)
Chapter 12. Definition of the electric field. The electric field is defined as the force on a test charge, divided by the charge. (30 s)
Chapter 13. Faraday's development
Chapter 14. Lines of force. Shows how lines of force act between charges of like and opposite sign and examines the magnitude of a force depending on intensity of lines
of force (110 s)
Chapter 15. Faraday at the Royal Institution
Chapter 16. Mathematics of Gauss
Chapter 17. Gauss's law (57 s)
Chapter 18. Three inverse square laws
Chapter 19. Faraday in study
Chapter 20. Charge in a conductor. Graphic demonstration of how a conductor has no net charge on its interior, but contains the charge on its surface (88 s)
Chapter 21. Electroscope and Faraday cage
Chapter 22. Radio in a Faraday cage
Chapter 23. Electric field due to spherical charge (51 s)
Chapter 24. Earth from space
Chapter 25. Newton in study
Chapter 26. Faraday in study
Chapter 27. Introducing Maxwell
Chapter 28. Review of lines of force
Chapter 29. Lines of force as mental scaffolding
LD-52: Part II Program 30 - Potential and Capacitance
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Mushenbrook and the Leyden jar
Chapter 3. Franklin takes a walk
Chapter 4. English electricity laboratory
Chapter 5. Franklin describing electrical effects
Chapter 6. Work, potential energy and difference. Using work relationships the difference in electric potential, D V = - ò E dr , can be found (128 s)
Chapter 7. Franklin's electric fluid
Chapter 8. Franklin's book on electricity
Chapter 9. Charging batteries
Chapter 10. Franklin's printing press
Chapter 11. Franklin strolling in garden
Chapter 12. Franklin in study; his accomplishments
Chapter 13. Electric field near charges (61 s)
Chapter 14. Difference in potential between charges (87 s)
Chapter 15. Franklin at his desk
Chapter 16. Newton in his study
Chapter 17. Electric forces
Chapter 18. Potential, electric field and capacitance. These are demonstrated with an animation sequence (49 s)
Chapter 19. Franklin's study of lightning in the rain
Chapter 20. Franklin's book explaining lightning rod
Chapter 21. Franklin in a garden and his lightning shock
Chapter 22. Franklin's explanation of the Leyden jar
Chapter 23. Capacitors and electric fields (69 s)
Chapter 24. Capacitors in series and in parallel
Chapter 25. Franklin - a statesman and public servant
Chapter 26. Franklin's invention of the lightning rod
LD-53: Part II Program 31 - Voltage, Energy and Force
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Relationship between matter and electricity
Chapter 3. Las Vegas strip at night
Chapter 4. Nevada countryside
Chapter 5. Contour map
Chapter 6. Electrostatic contour map
Chapter 7. Biker on an incline
Chapter 8. Biker in an electric field
Chapter 9. Nevada countryside
Chapter 10. Electric field and potential. Electric potential is defined as
D V = - ò E (36 s)
Chapter 11. Dipole field and potential. The electric field is shown for a dipole system, and a contour map of the electric potential is drawn (53 s)
Chapter 12. Constant electric potential
Chapter 13. Las Vegas action
Chapter 14. Ben Franklin in his study
Chapter 15. Early light bulb
Chapter 16. Development of neon light
Chapter 17. Definition of electric potential (29 s)
Chapter 18. Applications of voltage
Chapter 19. Electrostatic generators
Chapter 20. Particle accelerator
Chapter 21. Powerlines leading to Las Vegas
Chapter 22. Atomic model. The electric potential of an electron bound in an atom (117 s)
Chapter 23. Las Vegas action
Chapter 24. Van de Graff generator
Chapter 25. Strength of electric forces. The strength of an atom's force on the electron is shown to be 105 times greater than that of a Van de Graff generator (73 s)
Chapter 26. Las Vegas action
Chapter 27. Ben Franklin takes a walk
Chapter 28. Las Vegas action
Chapter 29. Ionization due to a generator
Chapter 30. Las Vegas action
Chapter 31. Van Marum's generator
Chapter 32. Battery assembly line
Chapter 33. Hoover dam
Chapter 34. Las Vegas action
Chapter 35. Early atomic theories
LD-53: Part II Program 32 - The Electric Battery
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. A lemon of a battery
Chapter 3. Stranded in the desert
Chapter 4. Making a battery
Chapter 5. Potential inside a metal (166 s)
Chapter 6. Volta and his battery
Chapter 7. Volta's electrophorus
Chapter 8. The electrophorous
Chapter 9. Volta's electrophorous
Chapter 10. Windmills
Chapter 11. Wimshurst generator
Chapter 12. Volta's scientific reputation
Chapter 13. Laplace and Lavoisier
Chapter 14. Franklin takes a walk
Chapter 15. Volta's stay in Paris
Chapter 16. Volta's return to Italy
Chapter 17. Galvani's animal electricity
Chapter 18. Electric impulse making frog's legs twitch
Chapter 19. Galvani's electical signals
Chapter 20. Galvani's animal electricity
Chapter 21. Interpretation of Galvani's experiment
Chapter 22. A frog
Chapter 23. Electric impulse making frog's legs twitch
Chapter 24. Volta's electrifying question
Chapter 25. Work functions; how a battery works. Demonstrates the flow of electrons between metals to build a difference in voltage (80 s)
Chapter 26. Volta
Chapter 27. Volta's pile
Chapter 28. How to get a charge out of an electric eel
Chapter 29. How a battery works. The difference in work function makes electrons flow between metals, a flow that will not stop if an electrolyte is introduced. The conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is demonstrated with a battery
(178 s)
Chapter 30. Volta's electric pile
Chapter 31. Napoleon
Chapter 32. Volta's electric battery
Chapter 33. Manufacturing electric batteries
Chapter 34. Cars on a modern street
Chapter 35. Volta's life and a lemon battery
LD-54: Part II Program 33 - Electric Circuits
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Lectures at the Royal Institution
Chapter 3. Parker Dam
Chapter 4. Water wheel, well and aquaduct
Chapter 5. Electric generator
Chapter 6. Downtown Los Angeles
Chapter 7. Parker Dam
Chapter 8. Simple electric circuit
Chapter 9. Definition of Ampere (29 s)
Chapter 10. River scene
Chapter 11. Volta's battery
Chapter 12. First electric lamp
Chapter 13. Telegraph desk
Chapter 14. Steam locomotive
Chapter 15. Charles Wheatstone
Chapter 16. George Simon Ohm
Chapter 17. Ohm's law. Graphical demonstration of electrical circuit and (33 s)
Chapter 18. Edison's laboratory
Chapter 19. Steam locomotive
Chapter 20. Aquaducts
Chapter 21. Resistors in series and parallel. A resistor is shown to have resistance
R = r L/A and the total resistance of individual resistors in series and parallel is examined (79 s)
Chapter 22. Water pipe design
Chapter 23. Marbles in viscous liquids
Chapter 24. Electrons in a metal. Description of how imperfections of a metal lead to resistance (96 s)
Chapter 25. Marbles in viscous liquids
Chapter 26. Electrons in metal.
Chapter 27. Edison's early lights
Chapter 28. Supercomputer
Chapter 29. Power in a circuit. P = I2R = V2/R is derived. (33 s)
Chapter 30. Parker Dam
Chapter 31. Robert Kirchoff
Chapter 32. Kirchoff's laws (44 s)
Chapter 33. Energy conservation and Kirchoff's second law (80 s)
Chapter 34. Lake Havasu and Parker Dam
Chapter 35. Capacitive discharge
Chapter 36. Lake Havasu and Parker Dam
Chapter 37. Downtown Los Angeles
Chapter 38. Lectures at the Royal Institution
LD-54: Part II Program 34 - Magnetism
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Gilbert's discoveries regarding magnetism
Chapter 3. Earth and planets from space
Chapter 4. Penguins at the south pole
Chapter 5. The earth's aurora
Chapter 6. The effect of temperature on magnetism
Chapter 7. The south pole
Chapter 8. Force laws for magnetic poles. The force law is given and magnetic dipoles are examined (57 s)
Chapter 9. Astronomical scenes
Chapter 10. Gilbert's contributions to magnetism
Chapter 11. Magnetic fields. Magnetic field lines are shown to be similar to the electric field lines of two particles of opposite charge (34 s)
Chapter 12. The earth's dipole field
Chapter 13. Marine using a compass
Chapter 14. A magnet in magnetic field
Chapter 15. Marine using a compass
Chapter 16. Scientist discussing earth's magnetic field
Chapter 17. Solar wind and earth's magnetic field
Chapter 18. Electric flux. Electric flux is defined as (42 s)
Chapter 19. Gauss's law. An electric dipole is shown to produce as many field lines leaving a Gaussian surface as entering, obeying Gauss’ law. (48 s)
Chapter 20. Magnetic flux. Magnetic flux defined in the same way as electric flus, except that the magnetic field is used instead of the electric field. (23 s)
Chapter 21. Gauss's law for magnetism. The net magnetic flux through any closed surface obeys is 0. (30 s)
Chapter 22. Earth's magnetic flux
Chapter 23. Scientist discussing earth's magnetic field
Chapter 24. The earth's magnetic field
Chapter 25. Earth's early explorers
Chapter 26. Scientist discussing earth's magnetic field
Chapter 27. Planet eclipsing a star
Chapter 28. Scientist discussing sunspots
Chapter 29. Sunspots
Chapter 30. Scientist discussing sunspots
Chapter 31. Sunspots and solar prominences
Chapter 32. Scientist discussing the solar wind
Chapter 33. Solar corona and the solar wind
Chapter 34. Scientist discussing the solar wind
Chapter 35. The magnetic force F = qv x B is shown with an animation (54 s)
Chapter 36. Van Allen radiation belts
Chapter 37. Aurora
Chapter 38. Scientist discussing earth's magnetic field
Chapter 39. Other planet's magnetic fields
Chapter 40. Scientist discussing Venus
Chapter 41. Earth from space
Chapter 42. Peregrinus's contributions to magnetism
LD-55:Part II Program 35 - The Magnetic Field
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Ampere's life and times
Chapter 3. Magnetic military maneuvers
Chapter 4. Oersted's experiment
Chapter 5. Magnetic military maneuvers
Chapter 6. Execution of Ampere's father
Chapter 7. Ampere's academic career
Chapter 8. Magnetic field due to current. The magnetic field due to an infinite wire is shown to be a proportional to I/r2, and the field lines are circles (103 s)
Chapter 9. Magnetic fields of a current loop, a solenoid and a toroid.
Chapter 10. Magnetic military maneuvers
Chapter 11. Oersted's experiment
Chapter 12. Magnetic force between currents (47 s)
Chapter 13. Magnetic force between current-carrying rods
Chapter 14. Magnetic fields of toroid and bar magnet
Chapter 15. Magnetic field of iron atom
Chapter 16. Magnetic field of the earth
Chapter 17. Magnetic military maneuvers
Chapter 18. Faraday and Ampere compared
Chapter 19. Conservative electrostatic field
Chapter 20. Ampere's law. Ampere's law is described; ò B× dr = m 0I (77 s)
Chapter 21. Maxwell in study
Chapter 22. Maxwell's equations (63 s)
Chapter 23. Magnetic military maneuvers
Chapter 24. Atomic basis of magnetism
LD-55: Part II Program 36 - Vector Fields and Hydrodynamics
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Fields of force
Chapter 3. Astronomical scenes
Chapter 4. Waves on the beach
Chapter 5. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 6. Whirlpool vortex
Chapter 7. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 8. Child in a bathtub with a whirlpool
Chapter 9. Vector fields in space
Chapter 10. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 11. Laws of electricity and magnetism (68 s)
Chapter 12. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 13. Large water pipes
Chapter 14. Water flux (58 s)
Chapter 15. Electric flux (33 s)
Chapter 16. Magnetic flux (13 s)
Chapter 17. Large water pipes
Chapter 18. Flux through a closed surface
Chapter 19. Fly fishing
Chapter 20. Light and electric flux
Chapter 21. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 22. Fluid in circular motion
Chapter 23. Vortex flow in water
Chapter 24. Vortex in a bathtub
Chapter 25. Hurricane
Chapter 26. Circulation of water
Chapter 27. Vortex flow in water. Conservation of angular momentum leads to vortices in water (58 s)
Chapter 28. Vortex in water
Chapter 29. Magnetic field around a wire
Chapter 30. Hurricane
Chapter 31. Vortex flow in water
Chapter 32. Circulation around a vortex (65 s)
Chapter 33. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 34. Magnetic and electric fields
Chapter 35. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 36. Fields in a capacitor and solenoid
Chapter 37. Fluid flow in water
Chapter 38. Energy in electric and magnetic fields
Chapter 39. Water flowing down a river
Chapter 40. Vortex rings
LD-56: Part II Program 37 - Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. A moving magnet produces electric current
Chapter 3. A windmill farm
Chapter 4. Dutch windmills
Chapter 5. Coal furnace and steam engines
Chapter 6. London's Royal Institution
Chapter 7. Faraday's laboratory
Chapter 8. Faraday's electric motor
Chapter 9. Faraday's notes
Chapter 10. Current in a coil producing magnetic field
Chapter 11. Force on a charge moving in magnetic field (40 s)
Chapter 12. A loop moving in the field of a bar magnet (63 s)
Chapter 13. Induced current by magnet moving in coil
Chapter 14. Current in coil inducing current in another
Chapter 15. Magnetic flux through a surface. The electromotive force is defined as (54 s)
Chapter 16. Edison's laboratory
Chapter 17. Edison's electric power generating plant
Chapter 18. Loop of wire rotating in magnetic field
Chapter 19. Edison's electric power generating plant
Chapter 20. Portrait of Tesla
Chapter 21. Current due to a changing magnetic flux. Lenz's law is demonstrated and explained (76 s)
Chapter 22. Edison's power generating plant and furnace
Chapter 23. Modern hydroelectric power plant
Chapter 24. Windmill farm
Chapter 25. Self-induction and a solenoid in a circuit (90 s)
Chapter 26. Faraday's electric motor
Chapter 27. London's Royal Institution
Chapter 28. Electric and magnetic fields
Chapter 29. Windmill farm
Chapter 30. Current due to changing magnetic field
LD-56: Part II Program 38 - Alternating Current
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Generating power with alternating current
Chapter 3. Niagara falls
Chapter 4. An alternating current circuit
Chapter 5. Tesla's AC vs. Edison's DC
Chapter 6. AC vs. DC circuits
Chapter 7. Portrait of Tesla
Chapter 8. Edison and his inventions
Chapter 9. Alternating LC circuit (87 s)
Chapter 10. Mechanical resonance shattering a glass
Chapter 11. A house and television shows
Chapter 12. Electrical analogy to a mass on a spring (58 s)
Chapter 13. Tacoma Narrows bridge collapse
Chapter 14. Frequency effects: RC, LC, and RLC circuits. Graphic demonstration of current and voltage at high and low frequencies in the various circuits (131 s)
Chapter 15. Westinghouse and Edison's war of currents
Chapter 16. Hydroelectric power plant
Chapter 17. Transmitting electric power
Chapter 18. Effects of alternating current through coil (98 s)
Chapter 19. Automobile assembly plant
Chapter 20. Edison's electric power generators
Chapter 21. City streets and Edison's laboratory
Chapter 22. Airplane lift-off
Chapter 23. An old radio
Chapter 24. Tesla's inventions
Chapter 25. Niagara falls
Chapter 26. Tesla's shaping of the world
LD-57: Part II Program 39 - Maxwell's Equations
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Historical significance of Maxwell's work
Chapter 3. Maxwell in study
Chapter 4. Newton in study
Chapter 5. Faraday leaving Royal institution
Chapter 6. Relationship between magnetism and currents
Chapter 7. Induced current
Chapter 8. Maxwell in study
Chapter 9. University of Cambridge
Chapter 10. Faraday's speculation on light
Chapter 11. Electric field of charge particles
Chapter 12. Coupled mechanical oscillations
Chapter 13. Speculation on the nature of light
Chapter 14. Properties of waves
Chapter 15. Fundamental physical constants
Chapter 16. Magnetic and electric force constants. The ratio Ke/Km is shown to be proportional to the square of the speed of light (41 s)
Chapter 17. Maxwell in study
Chapter 18. Explanation of Saturn's rings
Chapter 19. Kinetic theory of gases
Chapter 20. Maxwell's philosophy of science
Chapter 21. Maxwell's move to King's College
Chapter 22. Maxwell in conversation
Chapter 23. Gauss's law for electricity (28 s)
Chapter 24. Gauss's law for magnetism (29 s)
Chapter 25. Ampere's law (17 s)
Chapter 26. Faraday's law (19 s)
Chapter 27. Electromagnetic wave propagation. An electric wave is shown to also have an associated magnetic wave (82 s)
Chapter 28. Star field
Chapter 29. Maxwell in study
Chapter 30. Approaching the displacement current
Chapter 31. Maxwell in study
Chapter 32. Electric flux and current. The displacement current is shown to be e 0 times the rate at which the total electric flux through a surface is changing. (58 s)
Chapter 33. Maxwell in study
Chapter 34. Changing electric flux. Maxwell's modification of Ampere’s law. (27 s)
Chapter 35. Implications of Maxwell's equations
Chapter 36. Electromagnetic wave propagation
Chapter 37. Maxwell's equations
Chapter 38. Maxwell in study
Chapter 39. Maxwell's poetry
LD-57: Part II Program 40 - Optics
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Light, electric and magnetic fields
Chapter 3. An eye examination
Chapter 4. Light waves
Chapter 5. Eye chart
Chapter 6. Galileo, his telescope, microscope and sketches
Chapter 7. Eyeglasses
Chapter 8. Refraction and dispersion
Chapter 9. Newton at his desk
Chapter 10. Newton's book on optics
Chapter 11. Huygen's wave theory of light
Chapter 12. Light seen as electric and magnetic waves
Chapter 13. Water waves
Chapter 14. Mechanical waves
Chapter 15. Electromagnetic waves
Chapter 16. Electromagnetic spectrum (146 s)
Chapter 17. Lines of force about electric charges
Chapter 18. Faraday and his lines of force
Chapter 19. Oscillating electric charges creating waves
Chapter 20. Maxwell's electromagnetic spectrum
Chapter 21. Huygen's light waves
Chapter 22. Young's proof of light as a wave
Chapter 23. Young's idea of wave interference (43 s)
Chapter 24. Thomas Young
Chapter 25. Young's equipment
Chapter 26. Young's interference experiment (26 s)
Chapter 27. Young's interference fringes
Chapter 28. Diffraction
Chapter 29. Shadows
Chapter 30. Diffraction
Chapter 31. Light casting shadows on wall
Chapter 32. Lake scene
Chapter 33. Light waves encountering electric charges (93 s)
Chapter 34. Woman's reflection in a mirror
Chapter 35. Refraction in glass; least time principle (81 s)
Chapter 36. An eye examination
Chapter 37. Dispersion
Chapter 38. Galileo at his desk
Chapter 39. Newton in his study
Chapter 40. Physics of reflecting telescope
Chapter 41. Reflecting telescope
Chapter 42. Radar screen
Chapter 43. Optical reflector telescope
Chapter 44. Eye chart
Chapter 45. Stars and galaxy
Chapter 46. The luminiferous ether
LD-58: Part II Program 41 - The Michelson-Morley Experiment
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Significance of Michelson-Morley experiment
Chapter 3. Historical setting1887
Chapter 4. Introducing Michelson and Morley
Chapter 5. Star field and earth from space
Chapter 6. Rising sun; ocean waves
Chapter 7. Wave motion in coupled oscillators
Chapter 8. Rising sun; ocean waves
Chapter 9. Properties of wave motion
Chapter 10. Modern solar system model
Chapter 11. Viscosity of fluids
Chapter 12. Modern solar system model
Chapter 13. Earth and moon from space
Chapter 14. Michelson's academic background
Chapter 15. Michelson with apparatus
Chapter 16. Modern interferometer
Chapter 17. Principles of interferometry (35 s)
Chapter 18. Destructive interference. Nineteenth century belief that, due to the earth's motion, a light beam split via an interferometer will have components which travel different distances (37 s)
Chapter 19. Michelson-Morley anticipated results
Chapter 20. Earth's speed about sun
Chapter 21. Galileo at the Inquisition
Chapter 22. Michelson in Berlin
Chapter 23. Michelson's first interferometer
Chapter 24. Berlin circa 1880
Chapter 25. Michelson's first interferometer
Chapter 26. Case Institute
Chapter 27. Morley's background
Chapter 28. Improved 1887 interferometer
Chapter 29. Michelson-Morley anticipated results
Chapter 30. Michelson-Morley actual results. The experiment is shown to yield a constructive interference pattern regardless of the interferometer's orientation, thus giving no evidence of an ether (29 s)
Chapter 31. Michelson in study
Chapter 32. Michelson with apparatus
Chapter 33. Michelson at conference
Chapter 34. Fitzgerald's length contraction hypothesis
Chapter 35. Lorentz transformation
Chapter 36. Poincare 's principle of relativity
Chapter 37. Galileo's notion of inertia
Chapter 38. Galileo in study
Chapter 39. Michelson's work
Chapter 40. Relative velocities
Chapter 41. Lorentz' electron theory
Chapter 42. Young Albert Einstein
Chapter 43. Michelson with apparatus
Chapter 44. Michelson speaks about his work
Chapter 45. Michelson's Nobel prize
Chapter 46. Michelson painting
Chapter 47. Michelson's lack of influence on Einstein
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Lorentz transformation
Chapter 3. Nineteenth century technology
Chapter 4. 1881 Michelson-Morley
Chapter 5. Portrait of Fitzgerald
Chapter 6. 1887 Michelson-Morley
Chapter 7. Electron theory of length contraction
Chapter 8. Thomson: electron discovery
Chapter 9. Electron theory of length contraction
Chapter 10. 1887 interferometer
Chapter 11. Toy trainconstant speed
Chapter 12. Trainmotion and speed
Chapter 13. Toy trainconstant speed
Chapter 14. Expanding light sphere. Sketches of Albert on ground and Henry on moving railcar
Chapter 15. Henry's observations of light sphere
Chapter 16. Albert's observations of light sphere
Chapter 17. Introduction to light detectors
Chapter 18. Albert's measurements with light detectors
Chapter 19. Henry's measurements with light detectors
Chapter 20. Replay of light sphere and detectors. The video demonstrates that simultaneity of events is dependent upon the reference frame in which one views the events. This is described from chapters 14-20 and demonstrates the principles in an animation sequence (127 s)
Chapter 21. Poincare 's relativity
Chapter 22. Galileo's relativity
Chapter 23. Galileo and inertia
Chapter 24. Toy train - no absolute motion
Chapter 25. Time dilation - light clocks. Light moving between two mirrors as viewed in two reference frames. D t = g D t¢ is derived, with the value of g . (136 s)
Chapter 26. Length contraction - rulers
Chapter 27. Length contraction of earth
Chapter 28. Lorentz: Solvay Conference
Chapter 29. Toy train - length and time
Chapter 30. Galilean transformation. Formula: x¢ = x - v t (17 s)
Chapter 31. Lorentz transformation. Formula: x¢ = g (x - v t) (21 s)
Chapter 32. Multiple light clocks. Time in a moving reference frame is given by
t¢ = g (t - vx/c2) (26 s)
Chapter 33. Joining of space and time in the four equations of a Lorentz transformation.
Chapter 34. Leiden and Albert Einstein
Chapter 35. Galileo's inclined plane
Chapter 36. Maxwell: electromagnetism
Chapter 37. Postulates of special relativity
Chapter 38. Expanding light sphere
Chapter 39. Space-time: classical
Chapter 40. Space-time: light sphere. A space-time diagram and a light cone are shown (123 s)
Chapter 41. Space time: length contraction
Chapter 42. Space time: time dilation
Chapter 43. Lorentz and Einstein
Chapter 44. Replay of light sphere
Chapter 45. Lorentz at blackboard
Chapter 46. Significance of Einstein's special relativity
LD-59: Part II Program 43 - Velocity and Time
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. The inner perfection of physics theories
Chapter 3. Early aviation
Chapter 4. Einstein
Chapter 5. Locomotive
Chapter 6. Simultaneous events and time dilation
Chapter 7. A clock face
Chapter 8. Light clocks and motion
Chapter 9. Astronomical objects
Chapter 10. Clocks and a watchmaker
Chapter 11. People walking on early 20 century street
Chapter 12. Einstein and his contemporaries
Chapter 13. Locomotive
Chapter 14. Velocity and space-time diagrams. Explanation of how nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, regardless of reference frame, by using space time diagrams (279 s)
Chapter 15. A clock face
Chapter 16. Decay of mu-mesons. Time dilation is shown to effect mu-mesons when entering the atmosphere because of the high speed at which they travel (160 s)
Chapter 17. Babies in a hospital
Chapter 18. A clock face
Chapter 19. Babies in a hospital
Chapter 20. Twin paradox (178 s)
Chapter 21. Principles of relativity; the twin paradox
LD-59: Part II Program 44 - Mass, Momentum and Energy
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Young Goodstein's theater experience
Chapter 3. Poolhall billiards
Chapter 4. Newton's laws, momentum and billiard balls
Chapter 5. Poolhall billiards
Chapter 6. At the movies
Chapter 7. Portrait of Einstein
Chapter 8. Relativity and space billiards
Chapter 9. Space billiards on a space-time diagram
Chapter 10. Colliding billiard balls
Chapter 11. Space billiard from Einstein's point of view. Demonstration that mass must change with speed (56 s)
Chapter 12. Young Goodstein at the movies
Chapter 13. Voyager passing Saturn
Chapter 14. Cars racing on a track
Chapter 15. People pushing a car
Chapter 16. Billiard balls colliding
Chapter 17. Relativistic mass dependence on velocity. The relativistic mass is described (22 s)
Chapter 18. Space billiards and mass dependence
Chapter 19. Young Goodstein at the movies
Chapter 20. The Berkeley accelerator
Chapter 21. Young Goodstein at the movies
Chapter 22. An ion moving in an accelerator
Chapter 23. Momentum and mass dependence on velocity
Chapter 24. An ion moving in an accelerator
Chapter 25. Momentum and mass dependence on velocity (17 s)
Chapter 26. Track and field events
Chapter 27. Work done in changing the energy of a body
Chapter 28. Kinetic energy as a function of velocity. Kinetic energy is given its relativistic form. (141 s)
Chapter 29. People working out in a gym
Chapter 30. Solar prominences
Chapter 31. Atomic explosion
Chapter 32. Young Goodstein at the movies
Chapter 33. Portrait of Einstein
Chapter 34. Space billiards and mass
Chapter 35. Solar flares
Chapter 36. Young Goodstein at the movies
LD-60: Part II Program 45 - Temperature and Gas Laws
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Temperature and molecular motion
Chapter 3. Summer desert drama
Chapter 4. Temperature scales
Chapter 5. Balloons
Chapter 6. Molecular basis of pressure (146 s)
Chapter 7. Hot-air balloon
Chapter 8. Newton in study
Chapter 9. Ideal-gas law
Chapter 10. Hot-air balloon
Chapter 11. Scientific method of Robert Boyle
Chapter 12. Boyle's law. (69 s)
Chapter 13. Balloon flights of Charles
Chapter 14. Collaboration of Charles and Gay-Lussac
Chapter 15. Molecular basis of temperature (40 s)
Chapter 16. Early balloonists
Chapter 17. Kelvin temperature scale
Chapter 18. Examples of absolute temperature
Chapter 19. Relationship between temperature and heat
Chapter 20. Ideal-gas law is presented (66 s)
Chapter 21. Desert gas station
Chapter 22. Origin of the Farenheit scale
LD-60: Part II Program 46 - Engine of Nature
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. The Carnot family tree
Chapter 3. Nineteenth century steam engine
Chapter 4. Applications of steam engines
Chapter 5. Nineteenth century steam engine
Chapter 6. Sadi Carnot biographical sketch
Chapter 7. Applications of steam engines
Chapter 8. James Watt and the steam engine
Chapter 9. Steam engine applications
Chapter 10. Steam engine schematic
Chapter 11. Steam engine applications
Chapter 12. Water wheels
Chapter 13. Newton in study
Chapter 14. Fluid model of electricity
Chapter 15. Phlogiston model of combustion
Chapter 16. Waterfalls and waterwheels
Chapter 17. Second law of thermodynamics (76 s)
Chapter 18. Nineteenth century steam engine
Chapter 19. Heat flow in engines (43 s)
Chapter 20. Refrigerator in kitchen
Chapter 21. Applications of steam engines
Chapter 22. Heat engine essentials. The heating and cooling of air drives a piston and does work (86 s)
Chapter 23. Nineteenth century steam engine
Chapter 24. Isothermal and adiabatic strokes. The Carnot cycle is shown to be the most efficient engine possible (151 s)
Chapter 25. Nineteenth century steam engine
Chapter 26. Efficiency of engines (105 s)
Chapter 27. Application of steam engines
Chapter 28. Efficiency of engines
Chapter 29. Steam engine applications
Chapter 30. Efficiency of engines. Definition of the efficiency of an engine (18 s)
Chapter 31. Applications of steam engines
Chapter 32. Temperature and efficiency
Chapter 33. Carnot, Watt and Clausius
LD-61: Part II Program 47 - Entropy
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Laws of thermodynamics
Chapter 3. Chalkie's Billiard Academy
Chapter 4. Macroscopic view of melting ice
Chapter 5. Chalkie's scientists seek warm ice
Chapter 6. Melting and diffusion
Chapter 7. Chalkie's scientists in action
Chapter 8. Forces of nature
Chapter 9. Earth from space
Chapter 10. Engines of technology
Chapter 11. Earth from space
Chapter 12. Car and train
Chapter 13. Lost at sea
Chapter 14. Molecular thermal equilibrium. An atomic scale look at how a hot body loses heat to a cold body (30 s)
Chapter 15. High-rise building
Chapter 16. Microscopic view of bouncing block
Chapter 17. Clouds
Chapter 18. Molecular thermal equilibrium
Chapter 19. Energy conservation of bouncing ball
Chapter 20. Work performed by heat engine
Chapter 21. Life of Sadi Carnot
Chapter 22. Carnot cycle of ideal heat engine (57 s)
Chapter 23. Carnot's influence on Clausius and Kelvin
Chapter 24. Entropy in ideal heat engine. Definition of entropy. (64 s)
Chapter 25. Steam locomotive
Chapter 26. Entropy in real heat engine. Entropy is shown to always increase (30 s)
Chapter 27. Train and assembly line
Chapter 28. Forest fires; mountains; Arctic
Chapter 29. Setting sun and ocean waves
Chapter 30. Train
Chapter 31. Microscopic view of heat flow
Chapter 32. Chalkie's scientists in action
Chapter 33. Entropy and phase change
Chapter 34. Falling water
Chapter 35. Entropy and phase change. Ice in a warm liquid is shown to become water because it wants to maximize entropy, while the reverse process does not occur again because of entropy (135 s)
Chapter 36. Chalkie's action: free energy minimization
Chapter 37. Heat death of the universe
Chapter 38. Relationship between entropy and time
LD-61: Part II Program 48 - Low Temperatures
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. How are things made cold?
Chapter 3. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 4. Liquid oxygen
Chapter 5. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 6. Faraday's experiments on liquefying gases
Chapter 7. Molecules in solid, liquid and gas phases (46 s)
Chapter 8. Pressure versus temperature diagram (38 s)
Chapter 9. Determination of the critical point
Chapter 10. Critical point on a PT diagram (25 s)
Chapter 11. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 12. Motorist stranded in the desert
Chapter 13. Molecules at increasing temperatures
Chapter 14. Car radiator boiling over
Chapter 15. DaVinci's air conditioner
Chapter 16. Faraday's laboratory
Chapter 17. Producing solid carbon dioxide. Dry ice is produced and the PT diagram is shown, illustrating how it is possible for solid carbon dioxide to exist (129 s)
Chapter 18. Faraday's laboratory and liquefaction
Chapter 19. A flowing river
Chapter 20. A heat exchanger
Chapter 21. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 22. A heat exchanger
Chapter 23. Joule's conservation of energy
Chapter 24. The Joule-Thompson effect
Chapter 25. Molecular cooling with expansion (29 s)
Chapter 26. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 27. Portrait of Von Linde
Chapter 28. Air liquefaction plant
Chapter 29. London's Royal Institution
Chapter 30. Dutch windmills
Chapter 31. University of Leyden
Chapter 32. Portrait of Ornes
Chapter 33. Portrait of Dewar
Chapter 34. Equipment used to liquefy helium
Chapter 35. Effects of low temperatures
LD-62: Part II Program 49 - The Atom
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Ultimate constituents of matter
Chapter 3. Bohr model of hydrogen atom
Chapter 4. Circular planetary and atomic orbits (50 s)
Chapter 5. Elliptical planetary and atomic orbits
Chapter 6. Atomic orbits: energy budgets
Chapter 7. Energy transitions in atoms
Chapter 8. Historical development of atomic theory
Chapter 9. Law of simple and multiple proportions
Chapter 10. Portrait of Avogadro
Chapter 11. Avogadro's number
Chapter 12. Size of atoms
Chapter 13. Microscopic view of diffusion
Chapter 14. Balmer series and Ryderg's formula (12:00)
Chapter 15. Discovery of the electron (12:45)
Chapter 16. Thompson's apparatus (13:00)
Chapter 17. Plum pudding model of the atom (13:45)
Chapter 18. Rutherford's Discovery of the nucleus (15:35)
Chapter 19. Rutherford's 1911 Circular planetary and atomic orbits (16:37)
Chapter 20. Ultraviolet catastrophe (18:12)
Chapter 21. Downfall of the Rutherford atom
Chapter 22. Spectroscopy
Chapter 23. Max Planck and energy quantization
Chapter 24. Energy quantization in the H atom (22:18)
Chapter 25. Angular momentum quantization in the H atom (22:30)
Chapter 26. Quantization of orbits in the H atom (58 s)
Chapter 27. Relation of spectroscopy to atomic orbits
Chapter 28. Rydberg constant and fundamental constants (23:17)
Chapter 29. Newton to Bohr (23:50)
Chapter 30. Models, theories and imagination
LD-62: Part II Program 50 - Particles and Waves
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Bold ideas leading to structure of the atom
Chapter 3. Why a bulb's brightness depends on voltage
Chapter 4. Glowing bodies and filaments
Chapter 5. Portrait of Planck
Chapter 6. Maxwell at his desk
Chapter 7. A coal furnace
Chapter 8. A light bulb
Chapter 9. Portrait of Planck
Chapter 10. Instantaneous speed
Chapter 11. Planck's constant
Chapter 12. A home at night
Chapter 13. The photoelectric effect
Chapter 14. Portrait of Einstein
Chapter 15. Electrons in a metal; the work function. Equations governing photoelectric effect are given. (47 s)
Chapter 16. Millikan's laboratory
Chapter 17. The photoelectric effect
Chapter 18. Portrait of Young
Chapter 19. Portrait of DeBroglie
Chapter 20. Particle and wave theories. The de Broglie relation is derived (72 s)
Chapter 21. Portrait of DeBroglie
Chapter 22. Bohr's atomic model. An electron will only exist in orbits that are an integer number of wavelengths, as shown when the de Broglie relations are used to produce (59 s)
Chapter 23. Portrait of DeBroglie
Chapter 24. Portrait of Schrodinger
Chapter 25. Wave particle duality (81 s)
Chapter 26. Schrodinger's book on wave mechanics
Chapter 27. Wave interference with light
Chapter 28. Wave interference
Chapter 29. Portrait of Born
Chapter 30. Portrait of Heisenberg
Chapter 31. Waves' momentum, position and uncertainty. The uncertainty principle is presented by two graphs depicting position and momentum which showshow both can not simultaneously be known precisely (60 s)
Chapter 32. Portrait of Heisenberg
Chapter 33. Light bulb
Chapter 34. Wave-particle duality
Chapter 35. Portrait of Heisenberg
Chapter 36. Portrait of Planck
Chapter 37. Portrait of Einstein
Chapter 38. Caltech campus
Chapter 39. Particles and waves: crossed polaroids
LD-63: Part II Program 51 - From Atoms to Quarks
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Nature of theory and fact
Chapter 3. Fermi Lab accelerator
Chapter 4. Microscopic basis of pressure
Chapter 5. Molecular electrostatic forces
Chapter 6. Sodium chloride model
Chapter 7. Atomic nucleus
Chapter 8. Fermi Lab particle accelerator
Chapter 9. Energy transitionsBohr model
Chapter 10. Angular momentum quantization
Chapter 11. Matter waves
Chapter 12. "Planetary" and atomic motion compared
Chapter 13. Periodic table
Chapter 14. Uncertainty principle
Chapter 15. Probability distribution of electron. The quantum mechanical model of the atom is given as a very small nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud. This model shows that the probability of finding the electron at a given distance from the nucleus has a maximum value at precisely the Bohr radius (83 s)
Chapter 16. Hydrogen-atom electron orbital. Shows electron cloud model of H atom (ground state, n = 1) (20 s)
Chapter 17. H atom electron orbital. Shows electron cloud model of H atom (n = 2) (7 s)
Chapter 18. H atom angular momentum. The angular momentum vector is depicted as residing on a cone whose vertex is the nucleus or a flat plane passing through the nucleus (n = 2, l = 1), and thus determining the shape of the atomic model (129 s)
Chapter 19. H atom electron orbitals. The m quantum number is presented and used to analyze the shape of the electron cloud for an n = 3 H atom (100 s)
Chapter 20. Energy levels of H atom
Chapter 21. Greek notion of elements
Chapter 22. Fermi Lab particle accelerator
Chapter 23. Electron spin. The two possible values of electron spin are shown and the Pauli exclusion principle is presented (86 s)
Chapter 24. Sunrise over ocean
Chapter 25. Earth from space
Chapter 26. Periodic table based on quantum numbers (192 s)
Chapter 27. Fermi Lab particle accelerator
Chapter 28. Octet of baryons
Chapter 29. Particle accelerator
Chapter 30. Quark composition of baryons (70 s)
Chapter 31. Scientists at computer terminal
Chapter 32. Courage of a revolutionary
LD-63: Part II Program 52 - The Quantum Mechanical Universe
Chapter 1. Opening sequence
Chapter 2. Search for the ultimate equation
Chapter 3. Kepler and his laws
Chapter 4. Kepler's laws
Chapter 5. Spectrum of hydrogen
Chapter 6. Cannonball in orbit
Chapter 7. Quark structure of baryons
Chapter 8. Kepler's model of the solar system
Chapter 9. Newton and Leibniz disagree
Chapter 10. Giants of 20th-entury physics
Chapter 11. Copernican universe
Chapter 12. Modern solar system model
Chapter 13. Hydrogen atom orbitals
Chapter 14. H atom and planetary model
Chapter 15. Newton's second law
Chapter 16. Classical mechanics applications
Chapter 17. Explorers of physics
Chapter 18. Ben Franklin walking
Chapter 19. Faraday's contributions
Chapter 20. Fields and induction
Chapter 21. Maxwell in study
Chapter 22. Maxwell's equations
Chapter 23. Maxwell in study
Chapter 24. Michelson with apparatus
Chapter 25. Michelson's null result
Chapter 26. Planck's constant
Chapter 27. Rutherford's strange discovery
Chapter 28. Einstein and Newton compared
Chapter 29. Relativity and space time
Chapter 30. General theory of relativity
Chapter 31. Photoelectric effect
Chapter 32. Photoelectric effect explained
Chapter 33. Wave interference
Chapter 34. Ultraviolet catastrophe
Chapter 35. Bohr's and de Broglie's postulates
Chapter 36. Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Chapter 37. Atomic orbitals
Chapter 38. Periodic table explained
Chapter 39. Development of mechanics
Chapter 40. Interference patterns
Chapter 41. Statistical basis of pressure
Chapter 42. Pulsar
Chapter 43. Medieval street scene
Chapter 44. Conservation laws
Chapter 45. Mechanical universe origins
Chapter 46. Quantum universe origins
Chapter 47. Limits of quantum theory